CHINESE AID HELPS PUT AFRICAN NATIONS ON TRACK

　　

　　Rail line just one of numerous assistance projects

　　

　　As the afternoon wore on, the crowd at the railway station in the Tanzanian port city of Dar es Salaam kept swelling. Loudspeakers mounted in the waiting room continued to announce new departure times.

　　Asha Maimuna, a middle-aged passenger, noted wryly: "Our safe arrival is important, not really the departure time."

　　She was traveling to Mbeya, a trip of 813 kilometers, to visit her parents. Some roads are impassable, she said, and journeys overland are prone to accidents.

　　"The Makuba Express train is a necessity for many of us, despite the long delays and sluggish speed," Maimuna said.

　　The Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority, or TAZARA, has been a lifeline for landlocked Zambia, creating innumerable job opportunities for the two countries as the line snakes 1,860 km from Dar es Salaam to the copper town of Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia. It is one of China's efforts to aid developing countries.

　　A white paper－The Right to Development: China's Philosophy, Practice and Contribution－which was released in December 2016, said China had provided some 400 billion yuan (about $56 billion) in development aid to 166 countries and international organizations over the past 60 years.

　　It has trained more than 12 million personnel from developing countries and sent around 600,000 people to assist in the development in other nations. Of those, 700 have given their lives, the white paper said.

　　Assistance from China has made a significant contribution to improving the lives of those in the recipient countries.

　　For the past 43 years, Boniface Zimba has been taking the line operated by the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority to visit his family in rural Zambia.

　　Sometimes, the 79-year-old runs into former workers from the authority, which he left 24 years ago. They always discuss how the China-built railway has boosted the economy and changed their lives.

　　"We were proud to build it," Zimba said. He left his mining job in 1970 to join 13,500 Chinese technical and engineering personnel and 38,000 Tanzanian and Zambian workers who helped establish the rail authority.

　　Zimba said the steady job and good pay enabled him and his wife to start a family and provide their eight children with an education.

　　The authority was funded by China and established between 1970 and 1975, with commercial operations starting in July 1976. It linked Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia to Dar es Salaam on the Tanzanian coast, providing freight and passenger services.

　　Wang Luo, director of the Institute of International Development Cooperation, responsible to the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation at the Ministry of Commerce, said, "The railway has been an economic catalyst for eastern and southern African nations and a symbol of the friendship between China and Africa."

　　Emmanuel Matambo, an analyst at the Center for Africa-China Studies at the University of Johannesburg in South Africa, said, "The Tanzania-Zambia railway line played a seminal role in demonstrating China's solidarity with anti-colonial and anti-apartheid agitation in Africa."

　　He added that despite not functioning at its best, the line's ideological importance has been so influential that it has dispelled many arguments about China's alleged colonial or harmful designs on Africa.

　　"The railway authority was thus an altruistic contribution to Africa from a country that wants to be seen as a kindred spirit to the continent. It created the trust that China still enjoys in Africa today," Matambo said.

　　

　　Maximum efforts

　　

　　The idea to connect central and southern African countries with the east coast by a rail link can be traced as far back as 1947. Western nations were initially approached for help in building the line, but they rebuffed the idea, insisting that the project was not economically viable, according to the railway authority.

　　Although China was experiencing difficult times itself, it made maximum efforts to finance it as a turnkey project－one that is constructed so that it can be sold to a buyer as a completed project.

　　In 1970, Chinese inspectors walked for nine months from Tanzania to Zambia to mark the route. The difficulties in building the railway were immense, and more than 160 workers, including 64 Chinese, died during the construction, according to the authority.

　　Mark Mwandosya, former Tanzanian minister of communication and transport, said, "Those of us who are fortunate enough to have witnessed the construction will forever be grateful to China."

　　Official figures show that TAZARA has transported more than 30 million metric tons of cargo and over 40 million passengers since it started operating in 1976. During this time, China has offered technical support to enable the authority to function well.

　　The rail line has seen Kapiri Mposhi, which used to be a sleepy town, grow into a vibrant hub with a population of 300,000. It has also seen hotels and restaurants mushrooming to serve traders and workers from the railway authority.

　　Li Dechao, deputy managing director at China Civil Engineering Construction Co in Tanzania－TAZARA's Chinese operating company－said, "This infrastructure is a very important link to hinterland areas."

　　He added that as the rail line passes through underdeveloped rural areas in Tanzania and Zambia, it has become the lifeblood of local economic development.

　　In addition, it has fostered positive relations between Tanzania and Zambia due to the shared growth it has brought. Analysts in Africa believe that these gains from the project exemplify the anticipated benefits from future Sino-African cooperation.

　　TAZARA is just a tiny part of China's long-term and continuous foreign aid to African countries. Since 1956, all countries on the continent that have established diplomatic relations with China have received Chinese aid in various forms, according to Wang, from the Institute of International Development Cooperation.

　　"Africa has been in great need of foreign aid, as the continent has a large number of developing countries," she said. "China has attached great importance to the development of Africa, and more than 40 percent of China's foreign aid currently goes to the continent."

　　After the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, the Chinese government decided to help developing countries that were in need, as well as promote the country's standing on the world stage.

　　At the time, Asian and African countries were winning their independence and were eager to obtain external development aid. Wang said that in view of this, and to widen its diplomatic reach, China strengthened its cooperation with and assistance to developing countries on both continents.

　　

　　Basic principle

　　

　　China's foreign aid began in 1950, when it provided material assistance to two neighboring countries, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and Vietnam.

　　The basic principle for the country's foreign aid was formulated when Premier Zhou Enlai announced the Eight Principles for Economic Aid and Technical Assistance to Other Countries during his first visit to Africa from December 1963 to February 1964.

　　In the nearly 70 years since China began aiding foreign countries, it has always abided by the Eight Principles, whose key content embraces equality, mutual benefit and no political conditions.

　　"China's foreign aid is different from that of Western countries," Wang said. "We don't impose political strings, and we respect a recipient country's right in choosing its development path. Moreover, all our personnel for foreign aid share wealth and woes with African people and treat them just like brothers, which has impressed them a lot."

　　Chinese aid to Africa is also designed to help support the continent's development agenda, thus positioning China as a strategic alternative for such assistance.

　　George Nyongesa, a senior associate at the Africa Policy Institute, a think tank in Kenya, said: "China focuses on infrastructure development, which in turn facilitates follow-on investments. Additionally, as the West reduced aid to Africa in recent years, China has been ramping up its assistance and intends to set up an international development cooperation agency to coordinate its foreign aid."

　　Financial resources provided by China for foreign aid mainly fall into three types: grants, interest-free loans and concessional loans. The first two come from State finances, while concessional loans are provided by the Export-Import Bank of China as designated by the central government, according to the State Council Information Office.

　　China offers foreign aid in eight forms: complete projects; goods and materials; technical cooperation; human resource development cooperation; medical teams sent abroad; emergency humanitarian aid; volunteer programs in foreign countries; and debt relief.

　　Hisham AbuBakr Metwally, an economics researcher with the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry, said Chinese aid has had a major impact on improving the lives of African people, as it targets basic services for citizens such as roads, railways and power stations, among others.

　　China turned to the participation of African countries in achieving their development plans, which contributed greatly to the high growth rates in nations such as Mauritius, Ethiopia, Kenya and Egypt, he said.

　　Furthermore, there is a large funding gap between what African countries require for infrastructure development and the money available. China contributes significantly to financing infrastructure projects, as well as the creation of more industrial zones that the continent desperately needs, Metwally said.

　　While sticking to the core values of the Eight Principles, China has been keeping pace with the times to transform its foreign aid system and specific ways of providing such assistance.

　　Wang said that in the initial stage, a number of African countries had just won their independence and were in great need of foreign development aid. China provided this in the manner required. As the country was still a planned economy at the time, the central government assigned tasks mainly to State-owned organizations.

　　"At the time, China was facing difficult situations both at home and abroad, and it provided all the assistance it could afford to African countries in their efforts to win independence and develop their economies, laying the foundation for a friendly relationship," Wang said.

　　In October 1971, China resumed its seat in the United Nations, with the support of developing countries, including those from Africa.

　　

　　New road taken

　　

　　After adopting the reform and opening-up policy in 1978, China started to develop a market economy, and its economic cooperation with other developing countries extended from economic aid to multiform and mutually beneficial cooperation.

　　"China adjusted the scale, arrangement, structure and sectors of its foreign aid in accordance with its actual conditions," Wang said. "It strengthened its foreign assistance to the least-developed countries and paid more attention to the economic and long-term effects of aid projects."

　　In 2000, the Sino-African relationship embarked on a new road when the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation was launched. This marked the transformation of the relationship from political and economic cooperation in limited areas to comprehensive cooperation in political, economic, social and cultural fields. Regular and frequent exchanges between China and Africa have been held since then.

　　Wang said Africa is no longer merely a continent that needs aid, it is a potentially big market. As African countries are at different levels of economic development, China is considering the kind of role the aid can play in advancing deeper and closer comprehensive economic and trade cooperation between the two sides.

　　"We consider how to use our aid to support the industrial development of African countries, consolidate their economic foundation and help them integrate with global development," she said.

　　In recent decades, Africa has witnessed far-reaching changes, and has seen one of the fastest rates of economic development globally, meaning there are now different requirements for aid from China, Wang added.

　　This year's Africa Economic Outlook from the African Development Bank shows that the continent's general economic performance continues to be encouraging. GDP growth reached an estimated 3.5 percent last year, about the same as in 2017 and up from 2.1 percent in 2016. Growth is projected to accelerate to 4 percent this year and to 4.1 percent next year.

　　"While African countries will still need funding, projects and materials, they now want to learn more about China's experience in governance and economic development, including how to stimulate market potential and the private sector," Wang said.

　　She added that faced with various demands for aid, China would consider its comparative advantages, and share more often with developing countries its solutions and experiences in governance and developing its economy.

　　"We consult with the recipient countries to find out what they need most and what we are best at, to make the best solution while providing aid," she said.

　　Nyongesa, the Kenyan analyst, said aid from China has been aligned to Africa's Agenda 2063, the continent's development blueprint. The eight major initiatives announced at the Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in Beijing last year overlapped with Africa's development priorities as well as individual development strategies.

　　President Xi Jinping announced an additional $60 billion in funding to largely facilitate improved railway systems, transportation and energy infrastructure, in addition to public health and industrialization. Nyongesa said, "These are areas that underpin Africa's structural transformation that is expected to lift millions out of poverty."

　　China has also been able to develop financing models to match African countries' economic capacity.

　　Mutambo, from the University of Johannesburg, said that to sustain cooperation, the Sino-African relationship needs to gradually move from a government-to-government to a private-to-private connection. "The private sector can benefit more if the African and Chinese governments promote responsive and good leadership, aspects which are often limitedly assessed under the scope of non-interference," Mutambo added.

　　

　　譯文:

　　中國(guó)伸援助之手 非洲登發(fā)展快軌

　　——坦贊鐵路見(jiàn)證中國(guó)智慧分享合作共贏

　　

　　午后的時(shí)光緩緩流逝，坦桑尼亞港口城市達(dá)累斯薩拉姆的火車(chē)站里人頭攢動(dòng)，候車(chē)室的廣播正不停地播報(bào)著最新的火車(chē)發(fā)車(chē)時(shí)刻表。

　　正在候車(chē)的中年乘客阿莎·邁穆納（音譯）苦笑著說(shuō):"什么時(shí)候開(kāi)車(chē)無(wú)所謂，能安全抵達(dá)目的地才是最重要的。"

　　邁穆納打算坐火車(chē)前往813公里外的姆貝亞市去看望她的父母。因?yàn)槌鞘兄g的公路路況惡劣、部分路段受阻，搭乘公路交通總是極易遭遇交通事故。

　　"馬庫(kù)巴特快列車(chē)（坦贊鐵路上運(yùn)行的列車(chē)）對(duì)于我們?cè)S多人來(lái)說(shuō)都是必不可少的，盡管有時(shí)候它會(huì)晚點(diǎn)比較久，速度也不是很快。"邁穆納說(shuō)道。

　　坦贊鐵路東起坦桑尼亞的達(dá)累斯薩拉姆市，向西蜿蜒約1860公里后最終到達(dá)贊比亞中部的銅礦小城卡皮里姆波希。它是非洲內(nèi)陸國(guó)家贊比亞的生命線(xiàn)，也為坦桑尼亞和贊比亞兩國(guó)創(chuàng)造了無(wú)數(shù)的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。坦贊鐵路是中國(guó)在發(fā)展中國(guó)家援建的重要項(xiàng)目之一。

　　國(guó)務(wù)院新聞辦2016年12月發(fā)布的《發(fā)展權(quán):中國(guó)的理念、實(shí)踐與貢獻(xiàn)》白皮書(shū)指出，60多年來(lái)，中國(guó)共向166個(gè)國(guó)家和國(guó)際組織提供了近4000億元人民幣的援助；為發(fā)展中國(guó)家培訓(xùn)各類(lèi)人員多達(dá)1200多萬(wàn)人次；在派遣出的60多萬(wàn)援助人員中，有700多人為他國(guó)發(fā)展獻(xiàn)出了寶貴生命。

　　中國(guó)的援助為改善受援國(guó)人民的生活做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)。

　　在過(guò)去的43年里，79歲的博尼法斯·辛巴（音譯）一直乘坐坦贊鐵路局運(yùn)營(yíng)的列車(chē)去探望他住在贊比亞農(nóng)村的家人。辛巴曾參與修建坦贊鐵路，24年前從坦贊鐵路局退休。這些年來(lái)，他常常會(huì)在列車(chē)上遇到當(dāng)年一起工作的建筑工人，而他們總會(huì)情不自禁地談起中國(guó)援建的這條鐵路如何有效地促進(jìn)了當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、切實(shí)地改變了人們的生活。

　　"我們很驕傲參與了坦贊鐵路的修建工作。" 辛巴說(shuō)道。他原本是一位礦工，1970年加入了坦贊鐵路的修建大軍，與13500名中國(guó)技術(shù)和工程人員以及38000名坦桑尼亞和贊比亞工人們并肩作戰(zhàn)。

　　這份穩(wěn)定的工作及其豐厚的待遇使他得以順利地組建了自己的小家庭，供8名子女接受了教育，他回憶道。

　　坦贊鐵路由中國(guó)于1970年至1975年間援建，在1976年7月移交坦贊兩國(guó)政府并開(kāi)始商業(yè)運(yùn)營(yíng)，在坦贊兩國(guó)之間沿途提供貨運(yùn)及客運(yùn)服務(wù)。

　　商務(wù)部國(guó)際貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)合作研究院國(guó)際發(fā)展合作研究所所長(zhǎng)王濼指出:"坦贊鐵路是東非和非洲南部國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的催化劑，也是中非友誼的象征。"

　　南非約翰內(nèi)斯堡大學(xué)中非研究中心研究員埃曼努埃爾·馬坦博（音譯）認(rèn)為:"坦贊鐵路體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)堅(jiān)決支持非洲反殖民和反種族隔離運(yùn)動(dòng)的立場(chǎng)，意義深遠(yuǎn)。"

　　盡管這條鐵路目前還沒(méi)有達(dá)到最佳運(yùn)營(yíng)狀態(tài)，但它在意識(shí)形態(tài)上的重要性影響深遠(yuǎn)。同時(shí)，它也消除了許多污蔑中國(guó)企圖殖民化非洲或損害非洲利益的言論，他補(bǔ)充道。

　　"因此，對(duì)于非洲國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，坦贊鐵路是與之志同道合的中國(guó)送出的一份無(wú)私的禮物。坦贊鐵路使中國(guó)贏得了非洲的信任，中國(guó)至今依然享有這份信任。"

　　

　　最大限度的支持

　　

　　坦桑尼亞和贊比亞兩國(guó)早在1947年就萌發(fā)了修建鐵路將非洲中部、南部國(guó)家與東海岸相連的想法。他們最初向西方國(guó)家求援，西方國(guó)家卻以修筑這條鐵路經(jīng)濟(jì)上不可行為由斷然予以拒絕。

　　彼時(shí)，中國(guó)自身面臨重重困難，卻仍盡最大限度的努力以"交鑰匙"工程的方式援建了坦贊鐵路，即由中方全面地承擔(dān)項(xiàng)目的組織實(shí)施任務(wù)，建成后再移交給受援國(guó)政府。

　　1970年，中國(guó)測(cè)繪人員從坦桑尼亞徒步到贊比亞，歷時(shí)9個(gè)月完成了坦贊鐵路的勘測(cè)工作。坦贊鐵路的修建過(guò)程也是困難重重，坦贊鐵路局的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，至少有160名工人，包括64名中國(guó)工人，為之獻(xiàn)出了寶貴的生命。

　　前坦桑尼亞交通部長(zhǎng)馬克·姆萬(wàn)多西亞說(shuō)道:"有幸見(jiàn)證坦贊鐵路建設(shè)過(guò)程的所有人都會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)感激中國(guó)。"

　　坦贊鐵路局的官方數(shù)據(jù)顯示，自1976年正式運(yùn)營(yíng)以來(lái)，坦贊鐵路共運(yùn)送了3000多萬(wàn)噸貨物及4000多萬(wàn)名乘客，中國(guó)則一直為之提供技術(shù)支持，確保鐵路的正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。

　　有了坦贊鐵路，曾經(jīng)的"睡城"卡皮里姆波希已發(fā)展成為擁有30萬(wàn)人口、活力四射的交通樞紐城市，酒店和餐館如雨后春筍般在此涌現(xiàn)，為路過(guò)的商人及鐵路工人等提供服務(wù)。

　　參與坦贊鐵路運(yùn)營(yíng)的中國(guó)土木工程集團(tuán)有限公司坦桑尼亞分公司副總經(jīng)理李德超認(rèn)為:"坦贊鐵路是連接非洲內(nèi)陸地區(qū)的一個(gè)非常重要的紐帶。"

　　由于坦贊鐵路沿途穿越坦桑尼亞和贊比亞許多欠發(fā)達(dá)的農(nóng)村，它也成為了當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的命脈，他補(bǔ)充道。

　　此外，坦贊鐵路給坦桑尼亞和贊比亞兩國(guó)帶來(lái)了共同的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，也進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了兩國(guó)友好關(guān)系的發(fā)展。非洲分析人士普遍認(rèn)為，坦贊鐵路給非洲帶來(lái)的效益說(shuō)明了中非之間后續(xù)的合作必然會(huì)給非洲帶來(lái)巨大的收益。

　　在中國(guó)長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)的對(duì)非援助中，坦贊鐵路只是冰山一角。

　　商務(wù)部國(guó)際貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)合作研究院國(guó)際發(fā)展合作研究所所長(zhǎng)王濼表示，自1956年以來(lái)，所有與中國(guó)建交的非洲國(guó)家都獲得過(guò)中國(guó)以各種形式提供的援助。

　　"非洲擁有大量的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)都非常需要國(guó)際援助。中國(guó)一直高度重視非洲大陸的發(fā)展，我們對(duì)外援助總額中至少有40%都流向了非洲。"她說(shuō)道。

　　1949年中華人民共和國(guó)成立后，中國(guó)政府即決定幫助有援助需求的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，同時(shí)提升中國(guó)在國(guó)際舞臺(tái)中的地位。

　　王濼表示，當(dāng)時(shí)不少亞洲和非洲國(guó)家正在爭(zhēng)取民族獨(dú)立、發(fā)展民族經(jīng)濟(jì)，渴望外部援助。考慮到這種情況，也為了擴(kuò)大中國(guó)的外交"朋友圈"，中國(guó)政府加強(qiáng)了與亞非發(fā)展中國(guó)家的合作及對(duì)他們的援助。

　　

　　對(duì)外援助基本原則

　　

　　1950年，中國(guó)開(kāi)始向朝鮮和越南兩國(guó)提供物資援助，開(kāi)啟了中國(guó)對(duì)外援助的序幕。

　　周恩來(lái)總理在1963年底到1964年初首次訪(fǎng)問(wèn)非洲期間提出了中國(guó)對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)援助的八項(xiàng)原則，其核心內(nèi)容包括秉持平等互利原則、絕不附帶任何條件等。 半個(gè)多世紀(jì)以來(lái)，中國(guó)在開(kāi)展對(duì)外援助時(shí)始終堅(jiān)持這八項(xiàng)基本原則。

　　"中國(guó)的對(duì)外援助和西方國(guó)家大不相同。我們?cè)谔峁┰鷷r(shí)不附加任何政治條件，并且尊重受援國(guó)選擇自身發(fā)展道路的權(quán)利。此外，我們所有的外援人員都和非洲當(dāng)?shù)毓ぷ魅藛T同吃同住、同甘共苦，對(duì)待當(dāng)?shù)厝司拖駥?duì)待自己的兄弟，給非洲人民留下了深刻的印象。" 王濼說(shuō)道。

　　中國(guó)的對(duì)非援助旨在幫助和支持非洲大陸實(shí)現(xiàn)其自身設(shè)置的發(fā)展議程。對(duì)于非洲國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，中國(guó)只是其在尋求國(guó)際援助時(shí)的戰(zhàn)略選擇之一。

　　肯尼亞非洲政策研究所高級(jí)研究員喬治·尼恩格薩（音譯）認(rèn)為:"中國(guó)的援助側(cè)重于基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)領(lǐng)域，而基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的發(fā)展又可以帶動(dòng)后續(xù)的相關(guān)投資。近年來(lái)西方國(guó)家逐步減少對(duì)非洲的援助，中國(guó)則增強(qiáng)了對(duì)非援助的力度，并有意成立一個(gè)國(guó)際發(fā)展合作機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)協(xié)調(diào)其對(duì)外援助。"

　　《中國(guó)的對(duì)外援助》白皮書(shū)顯示，中國(guó)對(duì)外援助資金主要有三種類(lèi)型:無(wú)償援助、無(wú)息貸款和優(yōu)惠貸款。其中，無(wú)償援助和無(wú)息貸款資金在國(guó)家財(cái)政項(xiàng)下支出，優(yōu)惠貸款由中國(guó)政府指定中國(guó)進(jìn)出口銀行對(duì)外提供。

　　中國(guó)對(duì)外援助主要通過(guò)八種方式:成套項(xiàng)目、一般物資、技術(shù)合作、人力資源開(kāi)發(fā)合作、援外醫(yī)療隊(duì)、緊急人道主義援助、援外志愿者和債務(wù)減免。

　　埃及工業(yè)與發(fā)展部首席經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家希沙姆·阿布貝克·梅特沃利（音譯）表示，中國(guó)在非洲援建了大量公路、鐵路、發(fā)電站等為公民提供基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)的設(shè)施，極大地提高了非洲人民的生活水平。

　　中國(guó)有效地幫助了非洲國(guó)家實(shí)現(xiàn)其自身的發(fā)展目標(biāo)，為毛里求斯、埃塞俄比亞、肯尼亞和埃及等非洲國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速增長(zhǎng)做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。此外，非洲基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施領(lǐng)域仍然存在巨大的資金缺口，中國(guó)為非洲的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目提供了大量的融資服務(wù)，并大力幫助非洲國(guó)家建設(shè)其迫切需要的工業(yè)區(qū)，梅特沃利補(bǔ)充道。

　　中國(guó)的對(duì)外援助一直以"八項(xiàng)原則"為核心，但同時(shí)也依據(jù)時(shí)代變化，與時(shí)俱進(jìn)地變革援助體制和援助方式。

　　王濼指出，中國(guó)開(kāi)展對(duì)外援助的初期，很多非洲國(guó)家剛剛贏得民族獨(dú)立，急需國(guó)際援助以發(fā)展民族經(jīng)濟(jì)。因此中國(guó)往往根據(jù)他們要求的方式提供援助。彼時(shí)中國(guó)仍處于計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代，所以中央政府會(huì)把援助任務(wù)的實(shí)施主要交由國(guó)有機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)完成。

　　"那時(shí)候，中國(guó)自身也處于內(nèi)外交困的情形，但還是盡最大的努力去支援非洲國(guó)家爭(zhēng)取民族獨(dú)立、發(fā)展民族經(jīng)濟(jì)，為中非友誼奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。" 王濼說(shuō)道。

　　1971年10月,在包括非洲各國(guó)在內(nèi)的廣大發(fā)展中國(guó)家的大力支持下，中國(guó)也得以恢復(fù)在聯(lián)合國(guó)的合法席位。

　　

　　中非友誼踏上新征程

　　

　　1978年，中國(guó)開(kāi)始實(shí)行改革開(kāi)放政策、發(fā)展市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)，與其他發(fā)展中國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)合作也由經(jīng)濟(jì)援助向多種形式互利合作的方向發(fā)展。

　　"中國(guó)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況調(diào)整了對(duì)外援助的規(guī)模、形式、結(jié)構(gòu)和領(lǐng)域，加強(qiáng)了對(duì)最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的援助，并更加重視援助項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和遠(yuǎn)期影響。" 王濼說(shuō)道。

　　2000年，中非合作論壇的成立標(biāo)志著中非關(guān)系開(kāi)啟了新征程，意味著中非關(guān)系將從有限領(lǐng)域的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)合作向政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化等領(lǐng)域的全方位合作轉(zhuǎn)變。自此，中非之間定期、頻繁地進(jìn)行交流。

　　王濼認(rèn)為，非洲已不再是一個(gè)僅僅需要國(guó)外援助的大陸，而是已經(jīng)成長(zhǎng)為一個(gè)潛在的巨大市場(chǎng)。由于非洲各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平參差不齊，中國(guó)也開(kāi)始考慮如何使援助項(xiàng)目更有效地推動(dòng)中非雙方發(fā)展更深入、更緊密的全面經(jīng)貿(mào)合作伙伴關(guān)系。

　　"我們現(xiàn)在會(huì)更多地考慮如何利用我們的援助來(lái)支持非洲國(guó)家的工業(yè)化進(jìn)程，鞏固他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)，幫助他們更好地融入全球發(fā)展。"她說(shuō)。

　　近幾十年來(lái)，非洲大陸發(fā)生了深刻的變化，成為全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)最快的地區(qū)之一，這意味著非洲對(duì)中國(guó)的援助也會(huì)有不同的要求，她說(shuō)道。

　　非洲開(kāi)發(fā)銀行發(fā)布的《2019年非洲經(jīng)濟(jì)展望》報(bào)告顯示，非洲經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)整體呈現(xiàn)良好的態(tài)勢(shì)，初步估算，2018年非洲經(jīng)濟(jì)增速為3.5%，與2017年幾乎持平，比2016年增長(zhǎng)了1.4個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。報(bào)告預(yù)計(jì)，2019年和2020年非洲經(jīng)濟(jì)增速將分別達(dá)到4%和4.1%。

　　"雖然非洲國(guó)家仍需要資金、項(xiàng)目和物資援助，但現(xiàn)在他們更希望學(xué)習(xí)中國(guó)在國(guó)家治理和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，包括如何激發(fā)市場(chǎng)潛力及如何促進(jìn)民營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。" 王濼說(shuō)道。

　　當(dāng)前，面對(duì)各種援助需求時(shí)，中國(guó)會(huì)考慮自身的比較優(yōu)勢(shì)，更多地與發(fā)展中國(guó)家分享國(guó)家治理和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過(guò)程中的有效經(jīng)驗(yàn)和解決方案。

　　"我們會(huì)與受援國(guó)一起討論他們最需要什么、我們最擅長(zhǎng)什么，從而制定出最優(yōu)的援助方案。" 王濼說(shuō)道。

　　肯尼亞非洲政策研究所的尼恩格薩認(rèn)為，中國(guó)對(duì)非援助與非洲大陸制定的發(fā)展藍(lán)圖《2063年議程》是相契合的。2018年中非合作論壇北京峰會(huì)上提出的"八大行動(dòng)"與非洲大陸的發(fā)展重點(diǎn)和非洲各國(guó)的發(fā)展策略也是互相重合的。

　　2018年國(guó)家主席習(xí)近平在中非合作論壇北京峰會(huì)上宣布，為推動(dòng)"八大行動(dòng)"順利實(shí)施，中國(guó)愿再向非洲提供600億美元支持。據(jù)悉，這些資金將主要用于大力改善非洲的交通和能源等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、推動(dòng)公共衛(wèi)生發(fā)展和工業(yè)化進(jìn)程。尼恩格薩認(rèn)為:"這些領(lǐng)域是非洲實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型的基礎(chǔ)，而經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)型的順利實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)計(jì)將使數(shù)百萬(wàn)非洲人民擺脫貧困。"

　　此外，中國(guó)還發(fā)展了符合非洲國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平的融資模式。

　　南非約翰內(nèi)斯堡大學(xué)的馬坦博認(rèn)為，中非要維持長(zhǎng)久的合作伙伴關(guān)系，則應(yīng)逐步從政府合作層面向民間交流層面拓展。

　　"中非政府目前秉持的是不干預(yù)私營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的原則。但若中非政府能夠?yàn)殡p方私營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)間的合作與交流提供更為及時(shí)高效的引領(lǐng)，中非的私營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)@益更多。" 馬坦博說(shuō)道。